American Merchant Seamans Manual or Intellectual Property Rights in the Global Economy

American Merchant Seaman's Manual

Author: William B Hayler

This is a complete handbook for merchant seamen, covering every phase of good seamanship and all navigation necessary to prepare for the third mate's license. In addition, of course, it is a first-rate reference work. "For Seamen By Seamen", this classic manual was first published in 1938 and has gone through a number of revisions.

Interesting textbook: Compassion Fatigue or In Search of Prosperity

Intellectual Property Rights in the Global Economy

Author: Keith E E Maskus

Over the past 15 years, intellectual property rights (IPRs) have moved from an arcane area of legal analysis and a policy backwater to the forefront of global economic policymaking. In the 1990s dozens of countries unilaterally strengthened their laws and regulations in this area, and many others are poised to do likewise. At the multilateral level, the successful conclusion of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) elevates the protection and enforcement of IPRs to the level of inviolable international commitment.

The new global system emerging from IPRs comes with benefits as well as costs. Their increasing importance raises international economic policy questions that evoke impassioned and exaggerated claims from both advocates and opponents of stronger property rights in information. In the first economic assessment of the effects of stronger international IPRs in one volume, Keith E. Maskus examines these competing claims through a comprehensive analysis of the economic impacts of extended international protection and partial harmonization of IPRs. He brings together recent studies of various aspects of the issue and performs new quantitative and qualitative analyses. He presents findings that will be applied to a number of important policy questions on the very new phenomenon of IPRs.

Table of Contents:

	Preface	ix
	Acknowledgments	xv
1	Introduction: The Issue Is Deeper than American Movies	1
	The Evolving Global System	3
	Economic Issues	6
	Objectives of the Study	7
	Organization of the Volume and Summary of Findings	9
2	A Road Map for the TRIPs Ahead	15
	General Obligations	17
	Copyrights	17
	Trademarks and Indications	19
	Patents	20
	Integrated Circuits	22
	Trade Secrets	22
	Control of Anticompetitive Practices	24
	Enforcement	24
	Transition Periods	25
	Administration of TRIPs	25
	Summary	26
3	Globalization and the Economics of Intellectual Property Rights: Dancing the Dual Distortion	27
	Economics of Intellectual Property Rights	28
	Structures and Objectives of IPRs	36
	Sectoral Reliance on IPRs	51
	The Evolving US System: Protectionism Unchained?	65
	Globalization and the Technology Content of Trade	66
	Pressures for Change in the Global IPRs System	83
	Summary	84
4	The Global Effects of Intellectual Property Rights: Measuring What Cannot Be Seen	87
	Measuring Intellectual Property Rights across Borders	88
	Determinants of Intellectual Property Rights	102
	The Effects of IPRs on International Economic Activity	109
	IPRs and International Technology Transfer	136
	Summary	141
5	Intellectual Property Rights and Economic Development: Patents, Growth, and Growing Pains	143
	How IPRs Contribute to Development	145
	Global Research and Development	156
	How IPRs Hamper Economic Development	157
	Evidence on the Overall Impact of IPRs on Growth	169
	Summary	169
6	The Global Policy Framework: Intellectual Property Rights and Wrongs?	171
	Putting TRIPs into Action	171
	TRIPs as an Economic Optimizer	192
	Regional Initiatives	194
	Summary	197
7	Benefiting from Intellectual Property Protection: Take the Medicine, but Get Some Exercise, Too	199
	National Policies to Optimize IPRs	200
	IPRs and Social Regulation	216
	International Initiatives	225
	Summary	232
8	Conclusions and Policy Recommendations: Are We There Yet?	235
	Where We Are	235
	Where We Are Going	238
	Does TRIPs Belong in the WTO?	238
	The Way Forward Is to Be Forward-Looking	239
	References	243
	Index	255
	Tables
Table 2.1	Substantive requirements of the TRIPs agreement in the WTO	18
Table 3.1	Instruments and agreements for protecting IPRs	37
Table 3.2	Patent applications in selected countries	68
Table 3.3	Trademark applications in selected countries	70
Table 3.4	Applications for registrations of plant varieties in selected countries	71
Table 3.5	Indicators of demand for copyright products in selected countries	72
Table 3.6	Trade in IPR-sensitive goods for selected countries	74
Table 3.7	Trade in IPR-sensitive services and royalties and license fees	80
Table 3.8	Inward and outward stocks of foreign direct investment	82
Table 4.1	Membership trends in key intellectual property conventions	89
Table 4.2	Qualitative trends in intellectual property protection, selected countries	92
Table 4.3	Indices of the strength of IPRs laws	95
Table 4.4	Survey indices of perceived strength of IPRs	98
Table 4.5	Estimated rates of software piracy and lost revenues	100
Table 4.6	Determinants of Ginarte-Park Patent Rights Index	106
Table 4.7	1985 income levels and 1990 predicted patent indices	108
Table 4.8	Simulated increases in total imports by sector into developing countries resulting from strengthened patent laws	115
Table 4.9	Percentage of firms claiming that strength or weakness of IPRs has a strong effect on whether direct investments will be made, by type of facility, 1991	126
Table 4.10	Percentage of firms claiming that intellectual property protection is too weak to permit type of investment, 1991	128
Table 4.11	Simultaneous equations models of the impact of patent strength on international exploitation of intellectual assets	132
Table 4.12	Estimates of the general-equilibrium knowledge capital model	134
Table 5.1	Simulated static effects of stronger IPRs enforcement in Lebanon, 1996	158
Table 6.1	Estimated static rent transfers from TRIPs-induced strengthening of 1998 patent laws	184
Table 6.2	Estimates of how TRIPs patent changes affect international flows of economic activity for selected countries	187
Table 7.1	Summary of IPRs exhaustion regimes	210
	Figures
Figure 3.1	Basic access innovation trade-off in IPRs	30
Figure 4.1	Relationship between patent rights and per capita GNP	104